DUI of Drugs Lawyers in San Diego (VC 23152f)

A drug DUI charge under VC 23152(f) can mean jail, license suspension, and a criminal record, whether the substance is illegal, prescribed, or over the counter. Our San Diego defense lawyers know how to challenge these cases. Call 24/7.

A DUI of drugs charge in San Diego changes everything overnight. Most people charged with drug DUI never saw it coming. You took your prescribed Ambien before bed and got pulled over the next morning. You used marijuana legally over the weekend and were stopped on your Monday commute. You took cold medicine before driving to pick up your kids. Now you’re facing a misdemeanor, possible jail time, and a mark on your record that could follow you for years.

The circumstances that lead to drug DUI charges are rarely black and white. California’s definition of “drug” is extraordinarily broad, covering everything from methamphetamine and cocaine to Xanax, Benadryl, and legally purchased marijuana. Good people, people who never intended to break the law, end up facing these charges every day in San Diego courthouses.

Charges are accusations, not convictions. Unlike alcohol DUI, there is no “legal limit” for drugs. The prosecution cannot just point to a number on a blood test and declare you guilty. They have to prove actual impairment, and that is a much harder case to make.

The fear and confusion are completely understandable. But here’s what matters right now: the defense you build in the coming days and weeks will shape how this ends. At David P. Shapiro Criminal Defense Attorneys, we’ve defended drug DUI cases throughout San Diego County, from prescription medication cases to marijuana DUI to combined influence charges. As experienced San Diego DUI defense lawyers, we know how Drug Recognition Expert evaluations work, how to challenge blood test results, and how to fight for outcomes that keep your record clean and your life on track.

Evidence fades. Witnesses forget. The window for the strongest defense is now.

Quick Reference: VC 23152(f) DUI of Drugs

Classification	Misdemeanor (first offense, no injury)
Jail (First Offense)	Up to 6 months county jail (minimum 96 hours if probation granted)
Probation	3-5 years informal (summary) probation
Fines	Up to $1,000 base fine (approximately $2,600-$3,600+ with penalty assessments)
License Suspension	6-month suspension by DMV
DUI School	3-month or 9-month program
Felony Escalation	Fourth offense within 10 years, or DUI causing injury (VC 23153(f))
Strike Offense	No (unless GBI enhancement triggers serious felony status)

What Is DUI of Drugs Under California Law?

Vehicle Code Section 23152, subdivision (f), makes it unlawful for a person who is under the influence of any drug to drive a vehicle.¹ Now that’s the legal language. Let’s break down what that actually means in practice.

The word “drug” is defined under Vehicle Code Section 312 as any substance or combination of substances, other than alcohol, that could affect the nervous system, brain, or muscles of a person to such a degree that it impairs their ability to drive the way a reasonably cautious person would drive under similar conditions.² That definition is intentionally broad. It covers:

Illegal controlled substances like marijuana, cocaine, methamphetamine, heroin, PCP, and MDMA.

Prescription medications including opioids (oxycodone, hydrocodone), benzodiazepines (Xanax, Valium), sleep aids (Ambien), muscle relaxants, and certain antidepressants.

Over-the-counter medications like antihistamines (Benadryl), nighttime cold medicine (NyQuil, ZzzQuil), and sleep aids.

Marijuana and cannabis products, including legal recreational and medical marijuana. This is a point that trips people up constantly. The fact that you can legally possess and use marijuana in California does not give you the right to drive while impaired by it. Legality of possession and legality of driving under the influence are two completely separate questions.

What does “under the influence” mean? Well, a person is under the influence of a drug if, as a result of taking that drug, their mental or physical abilities are so impaired that they can no longer drive with the caution of a sober person using ordinary care under similar circumstances.³

Why does this matter for your defense? Because the prosecution cannot simply show that a drug was present in your system. They have to prove that the drug actually impaired your ability to drive. That distinction is everything in a drug DUI case.

What Must the Prosecution Prove?

To convict you of DUI of drugs under VC 23152(f), the prosecution must prove ALL of the following elements beyond a reasonable doubt:⁴

1. You drove a vehicle.

The prosecution must establish that you exercised actual physical control over a vehicle. “Driving” means volitional movement of the vehicle, however slight. If you were found sitting in a parked car with the engine off, or sleeping in the backseat, the prosecution may not be able to prove this element at all.

2. When you drove, you were under the influence of a drug.

This is where the battle is fought. The prosecution must prove that a drug impaired your mental or physical abilities to the point where you could no longer drive with the caution of a sober person. Not that a drug was in your system. Not that you had taken a drug earlier that day. That you were actually impaired at the time you were driving.

Here’s the critical distinction from alcohol DUI: there is no “per se” limit for drugs. With alcohol, the prosecution can point to a BAC of 0.08% or higher and the law presumes impairment.⁵ No equivalent standard exists for drugs. California has not adopted a per se THC nanogram limit or any other numeric threshold for drug impairment. The prosecution has to prove impairment the hard way, through observations, field sobriety tests, Drug Recognition Expert evaluations, and blood test results, all of which can be challenged.

Every element is a question mark for the prosecution and an opportunity for the defense.

How Drug DUI Differs From Alcohol DUI

This distinction is so important it deserves its own section. Understanding the difference between a drug DUI and an alcohol DUI is key to understanding why these cases are so defensible.

No Breathalyzer, No Legal Limit

With alcohol DUI, the prosecution has two powerful tools: a breathalyzer that gives an immediate BAC reading, and a per se legal limit of 0.08%.⁶ If you blow 0.08% or above, the law presumes you were impaired. The prosecution barely has to do any additional work.

Drug DUI has neither of these tools. There is no roadside test that measures drug impairment. There is no number that automatically equals “guilty.” The prosecution must rely on subjective observations, a Drug Recognition Expert evaluation (which we’ll discuss in detail below), and blood test results that show the presence of a drug but do not, by themselves, prove impairment.

Blood Tests Show Presence, Not Impairment

For all intents and purposes, a positive blood test for a drug tells you one thing: the drug (or its metabolites) was in the person’s system at the time blood was drawn. It does not tell you whether the person was impaired at the time they were driving.

This is particularly significant for marijuana. THC metabolites can remain detectable in the blood for days or even weeks after use, long after any impairing effects have subsided. A person who used marijuana on Saturday night and was pulled over on Tuesday morning could test positive for THC metabolites despite being completely unimpaired.

The DMV Process Is Different

For alcohol DUI, the DMV can suspend your license based solely on a BAC of 0.08% or higher through the Administrative Per Se (APS) process.⁷ For drug-only DUI (where no alcohol was involved and there is no BAC result), the DMV’s authority to impose an administrative suspension is more limited. The license suspension in a drug-only DUI case typically comes through the court conviction rather than the APS process, unless you refused a chemical test.

One critical exception: if you refused a chemical test, the DMV will impose a refusal suspension regardless of whether drugs or alcohol were involved.⁸ That means a one-year suspension for a first refusal, two years for a second, and three years for a third.

You have 10 days from arrest to request a DMV hearing. Miss that deadline and the suspension takes effect automatically after 30 days. This is a separate proceeding from your criminal case, and it requires immediate attention.

Types of Drug DUI Charges

Not all drug DUI charges are the same. The severity depends on your history, whether anyone was injured, and what substances were involved.

First Offense DUI of Drugs: VC 23152(f)

A first-offense drug DUI with no injuries is a misdemeanor. The penalties are serious but manageable with the right defense:

Component	Penalty
Jail	Up to 6 months county jail (minimum 96 hours if probation)
Probation	3-5 years informal (summary) probation
Fines	Up to $1,000 base fine (~$2,600-$3,600+ with penalty assessments)
DUI School	3-month or 9-month program
License Suspension	6-month suspension
Other	Victim impact panel (typically MADD); possible community service

Second and Third Offenses (Within 10 Years)

Penalties escalate significantly with each prior DUI conviction within a 10-year lookback period:

Component	Second Offense	Third Offense
Jail	96 hours to 1 year	120 days to 1 year
Probation	3-5 years	3-5 years
Fines	~$2,600-$3,600+ (with assessments)	~$2,600-$3,600+ (with assessments)
DUI School	18-month or 30-month program	30-month program
License	2-year suspension	3-year revocation
IID	Required for restricted license	Required
Other	Habitual Traffic Offender designation

Fourth or Subsequent Offense (Felony): VC 23550

A fourth DUI within 10 years is a felony, regardless of whether it involves drugs, alcohol, or both:⁹

Component	Penalty
Prison/Jail	16 months, 2 years, or 3 years in state prison (or county jail)
Probation	Felony probation possible
Fines	~$2,600-$3,600+ (with assessments)
DUI School	30-month program
License	4-year revocation
Other	Habitual Traffic Offender designation

DUI of Drugs Causing Injury: VC 23153(f)

When a drug DUI results in injury to another person, the charge is filed under Vehicle Code Section 23153, subdivision (f).¹⁰ This is a wobbler, meaning the prosecution can file it as either a misdemeanor or a felony depending on the circumstances:

Component	Misdemeanor	Felony
Jail/Prison	5 days to 1 year county jail	16 months, 2 years, or 3 years state prison
Fines	$390-$1,000 base (+assessments)	$390-$5,000 base (+assessments)
DUI School	3, 18, or 30-month program	18 or 30-month program
License	1-year suspension	1-year revocation
Restitution	To victim(s)	To victim(s)
Enhancement	Additional 1 year per additional victim (up to 3 years) per VC 23558

Combined Influence: VC 23152(g)

If both alcohol and drugs were in your system, the prosecution may charge you under Vehicle Code Section 23152, subdivision (g), which makes it unlawful to drive under the combined influence of any alcoholic beverage and drug.¹¹ This is frequently charged alongside or as an alternative to VC 23152(f). Even a small amount of alcohol combined with a drug can form the basis of a combined influence charge, even if neither substance alone would have caused impairment.

Sentencing Enhancements

Certain circumstances can add significant time to a drug DUI sentence:

Enhancement	Statute	Additional Penalty
Great Bodily Injury	Penal Code, § 12022.7	3-6 years additional
Multiple Victims (DUI injury)	VC 23558	1 year per additional victim (up to 3 years)
Excessive Speed	VC 23582	60 additional days in jail
Child Passenger (under 14)	VC 23572	48 hours (1st) to 90 days (4th+) additional
Refusal of Chemical Test	VC 23577	48 hours (1st) to 18 days (4th+) additional
Prior Felony DUI	VC 23550.5	Charged as felony regardless of number of priors

One critical note: while a standard drug DUI is not a strike offense, a DUI causing great bodily injury with the GBI enhancement under Penal Code Section 12022.7 can trigger serious felony status under Penal Code Section 1192.7, subdivision (c)(8).¹² That makes it a strike under California’s Three Strikes law. So you can see how these things snowball from a misdemeanor into something with life-altering consequences.

Collateral Consequences

A drug DUI conviction reaches far beyond the courtroom. Understanding these consequences is part of understanding what you’re actually facing.

Employment and Professional Licenses

A drug DUI conviction can trigger disciplinary action from professional licensing boards, including the State Bar, Medical Board, Board of Registered Nursing, and the Commission on Teacher Credentialing. Healthcare workers, teachers, attorneys, and anyone holding a professional license should be aware that a drug-related DUI may be treated more seriously than an alcohol DUI by licensing authorities. Commercial driver’s license (CDL) holders face a one-year disqualification for a first DUI offense and a lifetime disqualification for a second.

Immigration Consequences

For non-citizens, a drug DUI can carry devastating immigration consequences. While a simple DUI is generally not considered a deportable offense, a DUI involving a controlled substance (as opposed to a lawfully prescribed medication) may trigger removal proceedings or affect applications for naturalization, adjustment of status, or visa renewal. The intersection of drug charges and immigration law is complex and case-specific.

Military Personnel

San Diego has a significant military population, and service members facing drug DUI charges face consequences beyond the civilian justice system. A drug DUI can trigger UCMJ proceedings, loss of security clearance, administrative separation, and career-ending disciplinary action. The military takes drug-related offenses particularly seriously, and a conviction in civilian court does not have to occur for military consequences to follow.

Firearm Rights

A misdemeanor drug DUI conviction does not typically affect firearm rights. However, if the charge is elevated to a felony (fourth offense, DUI causing injury filed as a felony), a conviction results in a lifetime prohibition on possessing firearms under both California and federal law.¹³

Child Custody

A drug DUI conviction can be raised in family court proceedings. If you are involved in a custody dispute, the opposing party can use a drug-related DUI to argue that you are an unfit parent or that your substance use poses a risk to the children.

Defense Strategies for Drug DUI Charges

Here’s the critical point: drug DUI cases are among the most defensible DUI cases in California. The absence of a per se legal limit, the subjectivity of impairment evaluations, and the limitations of drug testing all create opportunities that simply don’t exist in a standard alcohol DUI case.

Many lawyers, based on inexperience, indifference, and/or outright incompetence, will look at a positive blood test and tell you to plead guilty. The reality of the situation is that a positive blood test is the beginning of the analysis, not the end of it.

Let’s walk through the approaches we consider when building a defense:

No Actual Impairment

The prosecution must prove the drug actually impaired your ability to drive. The mere presence of a drug or its metabolites in your blood does not prove impairment. This is the fundamental weakness in most drug DUI cases.

Many drugs, particularly marijuana, leave detectable metabolites in the blood for days or weeks after any impairing effects have worn off. A toxicology expert can testify that a positive blood test does not equate to impairment at the time of driving. We can, and will, retain expert witnesses to challenge the prosecution’s interpretation of blood test results if the facts support a position to do so.

Challenging the Drug Recognition Expert (DRE) Evaluation

Law enforcement frequently relies on Drug Recognition Experts, officers who follow a 12-step protocol to evaluate suspected drug impairment. The DRE protocol includes pupil examination, vital signs measurement, divided attention tests, and a clinical assessment. Sounds scientific. The reality is, these evaluations are subjective and vulnerable to challenge on multiple grounds:

The officer’s training and certification may be inadequate. The protocol may not have been followed correctly. The evaluation conditions (lighting, temperature, stress of being arrested) may have affected results. The DRE’s conclusions may not be supported by the actual observations recorded. DRE testimony has faced challenges regarding scientific reliability in California courts.

What does a successful DRE challenge look like? Well, if the DRE noted “dilated pupils” but the lighting conditions were poor, or if the officer concluded “stimulant impairment” but the blood test showed only marijuana metabolites, those inconsistencies become powerful defense tools.

Medical Conditions and Alternative Explanations

Many medical conditions produce symptoms that look exactly like drug impairment:

• Fatigue, illness, or allergies can cause red or watery eyes, slurred speech, and poor coordination
• Diabetes and hypoglycemia can cause confusion, unsteady gait, and altered mental state
• Neurological conditions (multiple sclerosis, inner ear disorders) can affect balance and coordination
• Anxiety and panic attacks during a traffic stop can cause trembling, rapid pulse, and disorientation
• Injuries can affect field sobriety test performance

If a medical condition explains the symptoms the officer attributed to drug impairment, the prosecution’s case becomes much more manageable.

Prescription Medication Defense

Taking a lawfully prescribed medication is not itself illegal. This defense is more nuanced than most people realize, and more nuanced than most lawyers present it. We may be able to argue:

The defendant took the medication as prescribed by a physician. The drug was at therapeutic (not impairing) levels in the blood. The defendant had no reason to believe the medication would impair driving. The prescribing physician did not warn about driving impairment. Long-term users of certain medications develop tolerance and are not impaired at therapeutic levels.

Now, let’s be clear about something: “my doctor prescribed it” is not an automatic defense. But it is a powerful starting point, particularly when combined with expert testimony about therapeutic drug levels and tolerance effects.

Challenging Blood Test Results

Drug DUI cases almost always involve blood tests (there is no breathalyzer equivalent for drugs). Blood test results can be challenged on multiple grounds:

Chain of custody errors. Improper handling, storage, or labeling of blood samples can compromise the results. If the prosecution cannot establish an unbroken chain of custody from the draw to the lab to the courtroom, the results may be inadmissible.

Contamination. Improper collection technique, use of an alcohol swab at the draw site, or contaminated collection vials can all affect results.

Delayed testing. Long delays between blood collection and laboratory analysis can affect accuracy, particularly for certain substances that degrade over time.

Lab errors. Calibration issues, analyst qualifications, and cross-contamination are all potential grounds for challenge.

Split sample rights. The defendant has the right to independent analysis of a retained blood sample. If the prosecution’s lab results don’t match the independent analysis, that’s a significant problem for their case.

Rising Drug Levels and Timing

Similar to the “rising blood alcohol” defense in alcohol DUI, the defense can argue that the drug had not yet taken full effect at the time of driving but reached higher levels by the time blood was drawn. Alternatively, the drug’s peak effects may have already passed by the time of driving, even if metabolites remained detectable in the blood. Pharmacokinetics, the science of how drugs are absorbed, distributed, and eliminated by the body, can be a powerful defense tool.

Unlawful Stop and Fourth Amendment Violations

If the officer lacked reasonable suspicion to initiate the traffic stop, or lacked probable cause for the arrest, all evidence obtained as a result may be suppressed under the Fourth Amendment.¹⁴ This includes:

• No valid reason for the initial stop
• Pretextual stops based on profiling
• Illegal extension of the stop beyond its original purpose
• Warrantless blood draws without valid consent or exigent circumstances¹⁵

San Diego law enforcement agencies frequently conduct DUI checkpoints and saturation patrols, particularly on weekends and holidays. Checkpoint legality can be challenged under established California law if the checkpoint did not comply with constitutional requirements.¹⁶

Marijuana DUI: What You Need to Know

Given that recreational marijuana is legal in California, marijuana DUI deserves special attention. Legalization has changed possession laws. It has not changed DUI law.

You can legally purchase, possess, and use marijuana in California. You cannot legally drive while impaired by it. The confusion between these two facts is how many marijuana DUI cases begin.

Here’s what makes marijuana DUI cases uniquely defensible:

No per se THC limit. California has not adopted a nanogram threshold for THC (unlike some other states). The prosecution must prove actual impairment, not just the presence of THC.

Metabolite persistence. THC metabolites remain in the blood long after impairment has subsided. A regular marijuana user may test positive for THC metabolites days or even weeks after last use. A positive blood test, standing alone, proves almost nothing about impairment at the time of driving.

Lack of reliable impairment testing. There is no equivalent to a breathalyzer for marijuana. Field sobriety tests were designed for alcohol impairment and have not been scientifically validated for marijuana impairment. DRE evaluations are subjective.

Tolerance. Regular marijuana users develop significant tolerance. A THC blood level that might impair an occasional user may have no impairing effect on a daily user. Expert testimony on tolerance can be critical.

The bottom line is this: a marijuana DUI charge is not the same as a marijuana DUI conviction. These cases are highly defensible when handled by attorneys who understand the science.

Common Scenarios: How Drug DUI Cases Actually Start

Drug DUI charges arise from situations most people would never expect to result in a criminal case. Here are scenarios we see regularly:

The morning-after prescription. You took Ambien or Xanax before bed as prescribed. The next morning, you feel fine and drive to work. You get pulled over for a minor traffic violation. The officer notices you seem “drowsy” or your speech is “slightly slurred.” Blood is drawn. The drug is detected. You’re charged.

The weekend marijuana user. You used marijuana legally on Saturday evening. On Monday morning, you’re pulled over. The officer smells something (or claims to), conducts a DRE evaluation, and arrests you. Your blood test shows THC metabolites. You weren’t impaired. You’re charged anyway.

The cold medicine commuter. You took NyQuil or Benadryl for a cold. You didn’t realize the medication would affect you while driving. An officer pulls you over, notices your eyes are red and watery (from the cold, not the medication), and initiates a DUI investigation.

The combination scenario. You had one glass of wine at dinner and took your prescribed anxiety medication. Neither substance alone would have impaired you. But the prosecution charges you under VC 23152(g) for combined influence, arguing the combination impaired your driving.

Each of these scenarios involves a person who had no intention of breaking the law. Each is defensible.

Plea Bargain Possibilities

Not every drug DUI case goes to trial. In many cases, the most favorable outcome is a negotiated reduction to a lesser charge. Understanding these options is part of understanding the full picture:

Reduced Charge	Statute	Key Benefit
Wet Reckless	VC 23103/23103.5	No mandatory license suspension; shorter probation; lower fines; still counts as prior DUI
Dry Reckless	VC 23103	Does NOT count as prior DUI; no mandatory DUI school; no license suspension
Exhibition of Speed	VC 23109(c)	No DUI on record; no license suspension; no DUI school
Traffic Infraction	Various	Minimal consequences; rare but possible in weak cases

A dry reckless or exhibition of speed reduction can mean the difference between a DUI on your record and a clean slate. These outcomes don’t happen by accident. They happen when the defense identifies weaknesses in the prosecution’s case and uses those weaknesses as leverage in negotiations.

Related Charges

Drug DUI cases frequently involve additional charges filed alongside or as alternatives to VC 23152(f):

Offense	Statute	Notes
DUI (alcohol)	VC 23152(a)	Often charged alongside when both alcohol and drugs detected
Combined Influence	VC 23152(g)	When both alcohol and drugs are involved
DUI Causing Injury	VC 23153(f)	When accident causes injury to another person
Possession of Controlled Substance	Health & Safety Code, § 11350	If drugs found during search incident to arrest
Possession of Drug Paraphernalia	Health & Safety Code, § 11364	If paraphernalia found in vehicle
Child Endangerment	Penal Code, § 273a	If minor passenger present
Hit and Run	VC 20001 / 20002	If defendant left the scene

Facing Drug DUI Charges in San Diego?

Drug DUI cases are built on subjectivity, and subjectivity can be challenged. From the officer’s initial observations to the DRE evaluation to the interpretation of blood test results, every stage of a drug DUI investigation involves judgment calls that we know how to scrutinize. We’ve defended prescription medication DUI cases, marijuana DUI cases, and combined influence cases throughout San Diego County, from Central Courthouse downtown to El Cajon, Chula Vista, and Vista. We know how local prosecutors build these cases, and we know where they’re vulnerable.

The sooner we start, the more options you have. The 10-day DMV deadline is already running.

Call us 24/7 for a consultation. We’ll review your case, explain what you’re actually facing, and start building your defense immediately. The bottom line is this: a drug DUI charge does not have to become a drug DUI conviction.

References

1. 1. Vehicle Code, § 23152, subd. (f) [“It is unlawful for a person who is under the influence of any drug to drive a vehicle.”]↑ Vehicle Code, § 23152, subd. (f) [“It is unlawful for a person who is under the influence of any drug to drive a vehicle.”]
2. 2. Vehicle Code, § 312 [Definition of “drug”].↑ Vehicle Code, § 312 [Definition of “drug”].
3. 3. See CALCRIM No. 2110 [Driving Under the Influence of a Drug].↑ See CALCRIM No. 2110 [Driving Under the Influence of a Drug].
4. 4. See CALCRIM No. 2110 [Driving Under the Influence of a Drug].↑ See CALCRIM No. 2110 [Driving Under the Influence of a Drug].
5. 5. Vehicle Code, § 23152, subd. (b) [Per se BAC limit of 0.08% for alcohol DUI].↑ Vehicle Code, § 23152, subd. (b) [Per se BAC limit of 0.08% for alcohol DUI].
6. 6. Vehicle Code, § 23152, subd. (b) [Per se BAC limit of 0.08% for alcohol DUI].↑ Vehicle Code, § 23152, subd. (b) [Per se BAC limit of 0.08% for alcohol DUI].
7. 7. Vehicle Code, § 13353.2 [Administrative Per Se license suspension].↑ Vehicle Code, § 13353.2 [Administrative Per Se license suspension].
8. 8. Vehicle Code, § 13353 [Refusal to submit to chemical test; license suspension].↑ Vehicle Code, § 13353 [Refusal to submit to chemical test; license suspension].
9. 9. Vehicle Code, § 23550 [Fourth or subsequent DUI offense; felony].↑ Vehicle Code, § 23550 [Fourth or subsequent DUI offense; felony].
10. 10. Vehicle Code, § 23153, subd. (f) [DUI of drugs causing injury].↑ Vehicle Code, § 23153, subd. (f) [DUI of drugs causing injury].
11. 11. Vehicle Code, § 23152, subd. (g) [“It is unlawful for a person who is under the combined influence of any alcoholic beverage and drug to drive a vehicle.”]↑ Vehicle Code, § 23152, subd. (g) [“It is unlawful for a person who is under the combined influence of any alcoholic beverage and drug to drive a vehicle.”]
12. 12. Penal Code, § 1192.7, subd. (c)(8) [Serious felony designation for offenses involving great bodily injury]; Penal Code, § 12022.7 [Great bodily injury enhancement].↑ Penal Code, § 1192.7, subd. (c)(8) [Serious felony designation for offenses involving great bodily injury]; Penal Code, § 12022.7 [Great bodily injury enhancement].
13. 13. Penal Code, § 29800 [Felon prohibited from possessing firearms].↑ Penal Code, § 29800 [Felon prohibited from possessing firearms].
14. 14. U.S. Const., amend. IV; Cal. Const., art. I, § 13.↑ U.S. Const., amend. IV; Cal. Const., art. I, § 13.
15. 15. Missouri v. McNeely (2013) 569 U.S. 141 [Warrantless blood draws in DUI cases require consent or exigent circumstances].↑ Missouri v. McNeely (2013) 569 U.S. 141 [Warrantless blood draws in DUI cases require consent or exigent circumstances].
16. 16. Ingersoll v. Palmer (1987) 43 Cal.3d 1321 [Constitutional requirements for DUI checkpoints].↑ Ingersoll v. Palmer (1987) 43 Cal.3d 1321 [Constitutional requirements for DUI checkpoints].